Tkhou chek ;kstukvksa dk foi.ku izca/k ¼jhok ftys ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa½
MkW- fo|qr izdk'k feJk1] vatqyh f}osnh2
1izk/;kid ¼okf.kT;½] jktHkkuq flag Lekjd egkfo|ky;] efudokj] ftyk jhok ¼e-iz-½
2'kks/kkFkhZ ¼okf.kT;½] 'kkl- Vh-vkj-,l- egkfo|ky; jhok ¼e-iz-½
*Corresponding Author E-mail: tapesh_48gupta@yahoo.in, sarikadewangan123.pr@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
thou chek dk lEcU/k ekuo thou esa ?kfVr gksus okyh mu vkdfLed ?kVukvksa dh HkjikbZ ls gS tks chek /kkjd dks vkfFkZd {kfr ls laj{k.k iznku djrh gS] chek tksf[ke ls lqj{kk ,oa Hkfo"; esa lqugjh cpr esa ykHk iznku djus okyk egRoiw.kZ dkjd gSA izk;% ,d lk/kkj.k ifjokj dks viuh nSfud vko';drkvksa tSls jksVh] diM+k ,oa edku ds fy, ifjokj ds drkZ ;k eqf[k;k dks fujUrj izkIr gksus okyh vk; ij gh fuHkZj jguk iM+rk gSA tc rd drkZ thfor gS mldh vk; Hkh thfor gS vkSj ifjokj dh vko';drk,W Hkh iwjh gksrh jgsaxh] ijUrq ;fn nqHkkZX;o'k drkZ dks e`R;q us vpkud mBk fy;k rks ifjokj dks vkfFkZd dfBukbZ;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+sxkA fdrus gh ifjokjksa dh n'kk ,sls le; esa cMh n;uh; gks tkrh gSA okLro esa chesa dk vFkZ tksf[ke ls lqj{kk vkSj Hkfo"; ds fy, cpr gSA bu nks rF;ksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj chek/kkjd ,d fuf'pr le;kof/k rd izhfe;e ds :i esa vius va'knku dh vnk;xh djrk gSA chek/kkjd }kjk vnk fd;k x;k izhfe;e e`R;q dks Vkyrk ugha gS vfirq mÙkjkf/kdkfj;ksa dh tks fd e`rd ij vkfJr Fks ,d vkfFkZd enn gSA
chek O;kolk; lgh ek;uksa esa ,d ^^djkj** ;k ^^vuqca/k** gS tks fcek dEifu;ksa ,oa chek /kkjd ds chp gksrk gSA vuqcU/k ds vuqlkj] chek ikWfylh vof/k 'kq: gksus ls ifjiDork vof/k vkus ds chp ;fn chek/kkjd fd vkdfLed ;k nq?kZVukxzLr e`R;q gks tkrh gS rks chek dEifu;kW e`r chek /kkjd ds mÙkjkf/kdkjh dks mfpr chek nkok ds :i esa /ku iznku djsxhA blh rjg fdlh dkj.ko'k chek /kkjd dk 'kjhj vax&Hkax gks tk, vkSj og fodykaxrk dh Js.kh esa vk tk, rks ,slh fLFkfr esa Hkh nkok izfØ;k esa /ku iznku fd;k tk,xkA ches dk okLrfod Lo:Ik tksf[ke lqj{kk gSA
KEYWORDS: thou chek] Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk] chek O;olk;] xzkgd larqf"VA
ÁLrkouk %&
chek O;kolk; lgh ek;uksa esa ,d ^^djkj** ;k ^^vuqca/k** gS tks chek dEifu;ksa ,oa chek /kkjd ds chp gksrk gSA vuqcU/k ds vuqlkj] chek ikWfylh vof/k 'kq: gksus ls ifjiDork vof/k vkus ds chp ;fn chek/kkjd fd vkdfLed ;k nq?kZVukxzLr e`R;q gks tkrh gS rks chek dEifu;kW e`r chek /kkjd ds mÙkjkf/kdkjh dks mfpr chek nkok ds :i esa /ku iznku djsxhA blh rjg fdlh dkj.ko'k chek /kkjd dk 'kjhj vax&Hkax gks tk, vkSj og fodykaxrk dh Js.kh esa vk tk, rks ,slh fLFkfr esa Hkh nkok izfØ;k esa /ku iznku fd;k tk,xkA ches dk okLrfod Lo:Ik tksf[ke lqj{kk gSA izR;sd O;olk; ,d lk>k laxBu gksrk gSA ftlds vUrxZr 'ks;j /kkjd] izcU/kd] foi.kudrkZ] deZpkjh] xzkgd etcwr dM+h gksrs gSA gekjs 'kks/k dk 'kh"kZd bUgha vkfFkZd dfM+;ksa ds bnZ&fxnZ ?kwe jgk gSA 'kks/k i= esa vFkZO;oLFkk dks izHkkfor djus okys rF;ksa dk lekos'k dj mudh vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa dks mtkxj djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA vkt ds cnyrs ifjos'k esa tgkW ,d rjQ vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;kW lqpk: :Ik ls py jgh gS ogha nwljh rjQ izfrLi/kkZ dh Li"V >yd ns[kus dks fey jgha gSA xzkgdksa dks vkdf"kZr djus ds fy, O;kolkf;d laxBu vkSj foi.kudrkZ fur uwru O;olkf;d j.kuhfr;kW ysdj lkeus vkrs jgsa gSaA ,slh j.kuhfr;kW tks vFkZO;oLFkk ij dHkh vuqdwy izHkko Mkyrh gS rks dHkh izfrdwy izHkkoA
Hkkjr ljdkj us viuh LFkkiuk ds dqN o"kksZ ckn gh viuh ttZj vFkZO;oLFkk dks lcy cukus ,oa vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa dks lqpk: :Ik ls pykus ds mn~ns'; ls dbZ egRoiw.kZ dne mBk, gS ftudk fodflr :Ik gesa orZeku dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa ns[kus dks fey jgk gSA orZeku esa vFkZO;oLFkk esa rhu egRoiw.kZ dfM+;kW gS] tks vkfFkZd fodkl ,oa vkfFkZd laj{k.k dh n`f"Vdks.k ls ,d nwljs ls tqM+h gqbZ gSA
chek O;olk; dk laca/k vkfLr;ksa ds vkfFkZd ewY; dks laj{k.k iznku djuk gS izR;sd vkfLr dk ,d ewY; gksrk gS] gks ldrk gS fd ;g vkfLr mlds Lokeh ds iz;klksa ds QyLo:i rS;kj dh x;h gS ,slh vkfLr mlds Lokeh ds fy, ewY;oku le>h tkrh gS D;ksafd mldh ;g vkdka{kk jgrh gS fd mls mlls dqN ykHk izkIr gks ykHk blfy, fd mlls mldh dqN vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ gksrh gS] feyus okyk ykHk vk; ds :i esa ;k fdlh vU; :i esa Hkh gks ldrk gS fdlh dkj[kkus ;k xk; ds ekeys esa mlls gksus okyk mRiknu csps tkus ij vk; dh izkfIr gksrh gSA blh izdkj] eksVj xkM+h ds ekeys esa ns[kk tk, rks mlls vkus tkus esa vkjke ,oa lqfo/kk gksrh gS ;gka dksbZ izR;{k vk; ugh gksrh gS nksuksa vkfLr;ka gS vkSj buls ykHk gksrk gSA
izR;sd vkfLr ls ;g vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd og ,d fuf'pr le; lhek rd jgsxh ftl nkSjku mlls ykHk feyk djsxk rRi'pkr gks ldrk gS fd os ykHk u fey ik, dkj[kkus esa j[kh x;h fdlh e'khu] xk; ;k eksVjxkM+h dk ,d thoudky gksrk gSA buesa ls dksbZ Hkh vej ugha jgsxk muds Lokeh dks bldk irk jgrk gS vkSj og vius dk;Z&dykiksa dk bl rjg ls lapkyu djrk gS fd ml vof/k ;k thou dky dk var gks tkus rd og muds LFkkiUUkk dh O;oLFkk dj ysrk gSA bl rjg og ;g lqfuf'pr dj ysrk gS fd feyus okys ykHk ls og oafpr u jgus ik, rFkkfi] ,slk Hkh gks ldrk gS fd vkfLr le; iwoZ gh u"V gks tk,] vpkud egkekjh QSyus ls xk; dh e`R;q gks ldrh gSA ,sls esa xkS&Lokeh ,oa mlls feyus okys ykHk dk vkuan mBkus okys yksx ls oafpr jg tk,xs gks ldrk gS fd ftl LFkkukiuk dh O;oLFkk dh x;h gks og rc rd rS;kj u gks ik, bl rjg ,d foijhr ;k vfxze fLFkfr mRiUUk gks tkrh gS ,sls esa chek ,d ,slh iz.kkyh gS tks vfiz; fLFkfr dk izHkko de djus esa lgk;d gksrh gSA gkfu gksus ij ;g vkfLr ds Lokeh ;k fgrkf/kdkjh dks dqN jkf'k dk Hkqxrku djus dk opu nsrk gSA
izR;sd O;olk; ,d lk>k laxBu gksrk gSA ftlds vUrxZr 'ks;j /kkjd] izcU/kd] foi.kudrkZ] deZpkjh] xzkgd etcwr dM+h gksrs gSA
gekjs 'kks/k dk 'kh"kZd bUgha vkfFkZd dfM+;ksa ds bnZ&fxnZ ?kwe jgk gSA 'kks/k fo"k; esa vFkZO;oLFkk dks izHkkfor djus okys rF;ksa dk lekos'k dj mudh vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa dks mtkxj djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA vkt ds cnyrs ifjos'k esa tgkW ,d rjQ vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;kW lqpk: :Ik ls py jgh gS ogha nwljh rjQ izfrLi/kkZ dh Li"V >yd ns[kus dks fey jgha gSA
foi.ku çcU/k ¼Marketing Management½] foi.ku dh rduhdksa dk O;kogkfjd mi;ksx gSA foi.ku çcU/kd dk dk;Z ek¡x ds Lrj] le; ,oa lajpuk dks bl çdkj ls çHkkfor djuk gS rkfd laxBu ds mís';ksa dh iwfrZ dh tk ldsA
foi.ku ¼ekdsZfVax½ 'kCn dk ç;ksx nks vFkksaZ esa fd;k tkrk gSA ladqfpr vFkZ esa foi.ku ds vUrxZr mu leLr fØ;kvksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gS tks oLrqvksa ds mRiknu dsUæksa ls ysdj mUgsa miHkksäkvksa rd igq¡pkus ds fy;s dh tkrha gSaA bl –f"V ls foi.ku ds {ks= esa dsoy Ø;] foKkiu] ifjogu] laxzg vkfn fØ;k,¡ gh vkrha gSaA fdUrq O;kid –f"V ls ^^foi.ku** esa foØ;&uhfr;k¡] foØ; çcU/k o laxBu] ewY; fu/kkZj.k] oLrq dk fodkl] O;kolkf;d tksf[keksa dks de djus ds lk/ku vkfn lHkh fØ;kvksa dk lekos'k fd;k tk ldrk gSA foi.ku çcU/k] çcU/k dk og Hkkx gS ftlds vUrxZr foi.ku lEcU/kh lHkh fØ;k,¡ lEiUu dh tkrh gSaA blds vUrxZr mRiknu ls iwoZ vkSj i'pkr dh fØ;k,¡ rFkk lsok;s¡ lfEefyr gksrh gSaA oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dks xzkgdksa dh vko';drkuqlkj mRikfnr fd;k tkrk gSA
foØ; çcU/k dk vFkZ fdlh O;kolkf;d bdkbZ dh foØ; fØ;kvksa ds fu;kstu] funsZ'ku ,oa fu;U=.k ls gS ftuesa foØ; 'kfä dh HkrhZ] p;u] çf'k{k.k] lkt&lTtk] dk;Z&lqiqnZxh ¼Assignment½] lekuqns'ku] ekxZ vadu] i;Zos{k.k] ifjrks"k.k ,oa vfHkçsj.k lfEefyr gSA
iwoZ 'kks/k dh leh{kk %&
t;flag dq'kokgk ¼2014½%&
izLrqr 'kks/k ^^jhok uxj esa thou chek fuxe ds vfHkdrkZvksa dk chek O;olk; esa ;ksxnku** chek O;olk; ls lEcfU/kr chek dEifu;ksa ds chp mudh vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa rFkk mudh foÙkh; fLFkfr ,oa lsok ls izkIr miHkksDrk larqf"V dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA y?kq'kks/k izcU/k ds }kjk chek miHkksDrkvksa dks muds chek vf/kdkjks ls voxr djkrs gq;s leL;kvksa dk v/;;u dj lq>ko ds ek/;e ls fu"d"kZ rd igqWpus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA vr% fu"d"kZ ds :i esa chek O;olk; dh lHkh ljdkjh ,oa xSjljdkjh chek dEifu;ksa esa ^^Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe** dh chek lsok;sa uxjh ,oa xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa vf/kdre miHkksDrk larqf"V iznku dj jgh gSA ,y-vkbZ-lh-] chek lsok dh n`f"V ls losZJs"B ,oa yksdfiz; gSA izLrqr y?kq'kks/k izcU/k chek dEifu;ksa dh foÙkh; fLFkfr dk vkbuk gS rFkk miHkksDrkfgr esa egRoiw.kZ igy gSA
gkSlyksa esa bfReuku ckd+h gS]
bjknksa esa bErgku ckd+h gS
ukih gS geus vHkh flQZ eqV~Bh Hkj tehu]
vkxs lkjk vkleku ckdh gSA
MkW- 'kckuk ud+oh ¼2013½
izR;sd O;olk; ,d lk>k laxBu gksrk gSa ftlds vUrxZr 'ks;j /kkjd] izcU/kd] foi.kudrkZ] deZpkjh ,oa xzkgd etcwr dM+h gksrs gSA ;s lHkh fdlh O;olk; dk eq[; vk/kkj gksrs gSA gekjs 'kks/k dk 'kh"kZd bUgha vkfFkZd dfM+;ksa ds bnZ fxnZ ?kwe jgk gSA izLrqr 'kks/k esa chek O;olk; ,oaa mlls lacaf/kr miHkksDrk laUrqf"V dks izHkkfor djus okys rF;ksa dk lekos'k dj chek dEifu;ksa dh vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa dks mtkxj djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA
vkt ds cnyrs ifjos'k esa tgk¡ ,d vksj chek dEifu;ksa dh vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;k¡ lqpk: :i ls py jgh gS] ogha nwljh vksj muesa izfrLi)kZ dh >yd Li"V :i ls fn[kkbZ ns jgh gSA bl izfr;ksfxrk dk lh/kk vlj vke miHkksDrk ij ns[kk tk ldrk gSSA mudh chek vko';drk ,oa mlls feyus okyh chek larqf"V nksauksa iwjh rjg ls izHkkfor gks jgh gSA miHkksDrkvksa dks vkdf"kZr djus ds fy, ;s chek O;olkf;d laxBu vkSj foi.kudrkZ fur u;h O;olkf;d j.kuhfr;k¡ ysdj lkeus vkrs jgs gSA ;s j.kuhfr;k¡ miHkksDrk lUrqf"V ij dHkh vuqdwy izHkko Mkyrh gS] rks dHkh izfrdwy izHkkoA chek O;olk; dh ckr djsa rks bl cM+s laxBu esa O;kIr izfrLi)kZ ds chp miHkksDrk lUrqf"V vge eqn~nk cu pqdh gSA bl izfrLi)kZ ds chp lHkh chek laLFkku pkgs og ^^Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe** gks ;k fQj ^xSj ljdkjh chek dEifu;k¡** ;s lHkh miHkksDrkvksa dks fdruh csgrj lsok,¡ iznku djus esa l{ke gSA
MkW- ch- y{eh ukjk;.k ¼1993½ %
^^e/;izns'k esa thou chek ;kstukvksa dk ewY;kadu & jk;iqj laHkkx ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa** O;k[;k fd;k gS fd ^^chesa** dks ,d lkekftd ;qfDr ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gS] tksfd nqHkkZX;iw.kZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds lEcU/k esa izfr NfriwfrZ ds fy;s] ;kstuk esaHkkx ysus okyk ,df=r va'knku ls Hkqxrku dh O;oLFkk djrh gSA ^^Mh-,l- gUlsy dh chek dh ;g ifjHkk"kk chek dh dk;Zfof/k dks Li"V dj nsrh gSA blh izdkj tkWu esxh us Hkh ^^chek** dh ifjHkk"kk nsrs gq, dgk gS fd chek ,d ;kstuk gS ftlds }kjk yksx cM+h la[;k esa la;qDr gksdj O;fDr;ksa ds tksf[keksa dks lcds Åij vUrfjr djrs gSaA** fMUlMsy dk dguk Hkh dQN blh rjg gS fd ^^chek ,d lk/ku gS fltds }kjk dqN dh gkfu;kW cgqrksa esa c¡V tkrh gSA**
tSlk fd loZfofnr gS fd loZizFke leqnzh ches dk fodkl gqvk rRi'pkr~ vfXu chek rFkk thou chesa dk fodkl gqvk var esa fofo/k chesa dk fodkl gqvkA xzkeh.k chek fofo/k chesa dk gh ,d izdkj gSA
'kks/k izfof/k %&
'kks/k dk;Z ds vUrxZr 'kks/k fo"k; ds pquko mn~ns'; ds fuekZ.k ds ckn] midYiuk o 'kks/k izfof/k dk fu/kkZj.k djuk vR;Ur vko';d gSA 'kks/k dk;Z esa lcls igys midYiuk dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k tk;sxk D;ksafd ;g fo"k; oLrq dk fn'kk&funsZ'kd gksrk gSA Kku ds {ks= esa vuqla/kku dk;Z vifjgk;Z gSA Kku dh fofHkUu 'kk[kkvksa esa vuqla/kku dk egRo c<+rk tk jgk gSA bldk izeq[k dkj.k ;g gS fd izR;sd ;qx esa u;s rF;] u;s fopkj vkfo"d`r gq;s gSA foKku ds {ks= esa vlhe vkSj vk'p;Ztud izxfr ,oa uohu rduhdh ;a=ks ds fodkl ds Qy Lo:i lkekftd {ks= eaas Hkh Økafrdkjh ifjorZu yk;s gSA tgkW oSKkfud fl)karks dks pqukSfr;kW nh tk jgh gS vkSj budh 'kk'or [kf.Mr gksrh utj vk jgh gS ogkW lkekftd {ks=ksa dk lkekftd fl)karks] lkekftd ewY;ksa rFkk ekU;rkvksa esa xgu ifjorZu vkuk LoHkkfod gSA ;s ifjorZu dsoy ifjorZu ek= ugha gSA Kku dh fdlh Hkh 'kk[kk esa /;ku iwoZd u;s rF;ksa dh [kkst ds fy;s fd;s x;s vUos"k.k ;k ijh{k.k dks 'kks/k dgrs gSA 'kks/k ds izFke pj.k esa 'kkldh;] v)Z'kkldh; o v'kkldh; vf/kdkfj;ksa ls lEidZ dj jhok ftys esa thou chek ;kstukvksa dk foi.ku izca/k ds lEcU/k esa tkudkjh izkIr fd;s x;s gSA lkFk gh ftys esa thou chek ls lEcfU/kr iz'kklu] 'kkldh; ,oa v'kkldh; laLFkkvksa ds izfrosnu ,oa rF; ,d= fd;s x;s gSaA thou chek ;kstukvksa ds fofHkUu izHkkfj;ksa o vf/kdkfj;ksa ls lEidZ dj ftys esa lapkfyr fofHkUu ;kstukvksa dh tkudkfj;kW ,d= fd;s x;s gSA
leadks dk ladyu ,oa iz;qDr fof/k;k¡ %
lead fdlh Hkh v/;;u ds fudkys x;s fu"d"kksZ ds fy;s vk/kkj iznku djrk gSA leadks ds eq[;r% nks L=ksr gSA igyk izkFkfed L=ksr vkSj nwljk f}rh;d L=ksr gSA izkFkfed L=ksr ds varxZr eq[;r% fujh{k.k ;k voyksdu] lk{kkRdkj] vuqlwph o iz'ukoyh ds ek/;e ls lwpuk,W ,d= dh x;h gSA vius 'kks/k izoa/k esa izkFkfed ,oa f}rh;d rF; lkexzh dk iz;ksx fd;k gS] tks fd i=&if=dkvksa] okf"kZd izfrosnu v[kckjksa] 'ksk/k fjiksVZ vkfn ls ,d= fd;k tk,xkA
mn~ns'; %&
izLrqr 'kks/k dk mn~ns'; ^^thou chek ;kstukvksa dk foi.ku izca/k] mudh fo'ks"krkvksa] muds nks"kksa ,oa dfe;ksa dk leh{kkRed fo'ys"k.k djuk] rFkk Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa buds ;ksxnku ij izdk'k Mkyuk gSA
vius 'kks/k ds ek/;e ls ;g Kkr djuk fd jhok ftys esa ftrus Hkh ches ls lEcfU/kr ljdkjh ,oa xSj ljdkjh laLFkku gS os fdl izdkj viuh vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa dk lapkyu djrs gS &
· vkfFkZd thou esa chesa ds egRo dks Li"V djukA
· jhok ftys esa ftl txg thou chek fuxe dEiuh fLFkr gS ogkW ds lkekftd dk;ksZ dh lEHkkoukvksa dk v/;;u djuk gSA
· lapkfyr dEiuh dh leL;kvksa dk v/;;u djuk gSA
· thou chek fuxe }kjk nh tk jgh deZpkfj;ksa dh lqfo/kk ,oa leL;k laca/kh tkudkjh izkIr djukA
· thou chek fuxe }kjk pyk;s tk jgs lh-,l-vkj- dk;Z dk v/;;u djukA
· jhok ftys esa lHkh chek dEifu;ksa dh ,oa mudh 'kk[kkvksa ds ek/;e ls ftrus Hkh chek O;olkf;d dk;Z lapkfyr fd, tk jgsa gS] mudh leh{kkRed O;k[;k djukA
· chek O;olk; {ks= esa vkbZ-vkj-Mh-,- dh Hkwfedk dks Li"V djukA
· chek O;olk; esa oS/kkfud i{k dh O;k[;k djukA
· chek /kkjdks dks fgrksa ds rgr muds vf/kdkjksa ls mUgsa voxr djkukA
· jhok ftys esa ftruh Hkh xSj ljdkjh chek dEifu;kW gS mudh O;olkf;d xfrfof/k;ksa dh okLrfod fLFkfr dk lgh vkadyu djukA
'kks/k ifjdYiuk %
'kks/k ifjdYiuk,a og fØ;k gksrh gS ftlds }kjk ge fd;s tk jgs dk;Z ds fdl vk/kkj ij dk;Z dks dj jgsa gS vFkkZr~ gekjs 'kks/k dks iw.kZ djus ds ek/;e gSA
Ø thou chek daiuh vkjEHk ls gh tu lEifÙk ds ykHkksiktZu fofu;kstu dks c<+kus dh lw=/kkj dk dk;Z dj jgh gSA
Ø thou chek daiuh] fu;ksDrk deZpkfj;ksa] O;olkf;dksa] lgdkjh laLFkkvksa lekt ds fucZy oxksZ tSls fofHkUu lewgksa dks lewg chek ikfyfl;ksa ds varxZr thou chek laj{k.k nsrk gSA
Ø thou chek daiuh dk foi.ku izca/k le;kuqlkj rnFkZ ikfyfl;ksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA
Ø thou chek fuxe lkekftd lqj{kk dk l'kDr ek/;e gSA
Ø ns'k dh vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa esa thou chek fuxe ds fofHkUu ;kstuk,¡ lfØ;rk ls fØ;kUo;u ;kstukvksa esa lgk;d fl) gksxhA
rF;ksa dk ladyu %&
jhok ftys esa chek dEifu;ksa dh LFkkiuk &
dz- |
chek dEifu;ksa ds uke |
LFkkiuk o"kZ |
1 |
Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe dz- 1 |
o"kZ & 1981 |
|
Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe dz- 2 |
o"kZ & 1992 |
2 |
vkbZ-lh-vkbZ-lh-vkbZ- izksMsaf'k;y |
o"kZ & 2006 |
3 |
fjyk;Ul ykbQ ba';ksjsUl |
o"kZ & 2007 |
4 |
,p-Mh-,Q-lh- LVSaMMZ |
o"kZ & 2007 |
5 |
vkbZ-,u-th- oSL;k ykbQ |
o"kZ & 2008 |
6 |
,l-ch-vkbZ- ykbQ |
o"kZ & 2008 |
7 |
ctkt vfy;kat ykbQ |
o"kZ & 2009 |
¼L=ksr&mijksDr tkudkjh chek dk;kZy;ksa ds vf/kdkjhx.kksa ls izkIr dh xbZ gS½
vkbZ-vkj-Mh-,- }kjk izkbosV chek dEifu;ksa dks lu~ 2000 esa ykblsal iznku djus rFkk chek O;olk; ds O;kihdj.k us dbZ fons'kh chek dEifu;ksa dks Hkkjr dh vksj vkdf"kZr fd;kA vr% ;s fons'kh chek dEifu;kW Hkkjrh; dEifu;ksa ds lkFk Vkbvi gksdj chek O;olk; dj jgh gSA ,y-vkbZ-lh- ftls Hkkjr esa chek O;olk; dk ,dkf/kdkj izkIr Fkk viuh LFkkiuk dh xksYMu tqcyh o"kZxkaB iwjh dj pqdk gSA ;g Hkkjr dk lcls iqjkuk chek laLFkku gS rFkk jhok ftys esa lHkh izkbosV chek dEifu;ksa dh rqyuk esa lcls igys LFkkfir fd;k x;k gSA
jhok ftys esa chek/kkjdksa dh la[;k ds vk/kkj ij rqyuk &
dz- |
chek dEifu;ksa ds uke |
chek dqy /kkjd |
1 |
vkbZ-,u-th-oSL;k ykbQ |
2200 |
2 |
fjyk;al ykbQ bU’;ksajsal |
3000 |
3 |
,p-Mh-,Q-lh- LVSaMMZ |
3000 |
4 |
ctkt vfy;kat |
3000 |
5 |
,l-ch-vkbZ- ykbQ |
5000 |
6 |
vkbZ-lh-vkbZ-lh-vkbZ- izksMsaf’k;y |
7000 |
7 |
Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe dz- 1 |
3]50]000 |
8 |
Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe dz- 2 |
3]11]000 |
¼L=ksr & mijksDr vkWdM+s chek dk;kZy;ksa ls ladfyr gSa½
mijksDr rkfydk esa chek dEifu;ksa dh LFkkiuk ls ysdj o"kZ 2017&18 rd dqy chek /kkjdksa dh la[;k n'kkZbZ xbZ gS ftlesa ,y-vkbZ-lh- ds chek/kkjdksa dh la[;k lokZf/kd gSA ;g la[;k chek dEiuh ds izfr muds fo'okl dks n'kkZrh gSA
chek dEifu;ksa dk o"kZ 2017&18 rd dqy O;olk; ds vk/kkj ij rqyuk&
dz- |
chek dEifu;ksa ds uke ¼LFkkiuk ls orZeku rd½ |
dqy O;olk; |
1 |
vkbZ-,u-th-oSL;k ykbQ |
30 djksM+ yxHkx |
2 |
ctkt vfy;kat ykbQ |
50 djksM+ yxHkx |
3 |
vkbZ-lh-vkbZ-lh-vkbZ- izksMsaf'k;y |
50 djksM+ yxHkx |
4 |
,p-Mh-,Q-lh- LVSaMMZ |
75-5 djksM+ yxHkx |
5 |
,l-ch-vkbZ ykbQ bU';ksjsal |
105-2 djksM+ yxHkx |
6 |
fjyk;al ykbQ bU';ksajsal |
140 djksM+ yxHkx |
7 |
Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe 'kk[kk Øekad&1 ¼foRrh; o"kZ 2016&17 ,oa 2016 rd½ |
455-9 djksM+ yxHkx |
8 |
Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe dz- 2 ¼foRrh; o"kZ 2016&17 ,oa 2016 rd½ |
465 djksM+ 87 yk[k 48 gtkj |
mijksDr rkfydk esa chek dEiuh dh LFkkiuk o"kZ ls ysdj orZeku rd dqy O;olkf;d fooj.k fn;k x;k gSA lHkh chek dEifu;ksa dh rqyuk esa ,y-vkbZ-lh- dk O;olk; dsoy nks foRrh; o"kZ 2016&17 rFkk 2018 rd muds LFkkiuk o"kZ ls ysdj vc rd ds dqy O;olk; ls dkQh vf/kd ek=k esa gSA vr% ,y-vkbZ-lh- ij chek /kkjdksa dk fo'okl vR;ar iqjkuk vkSj dkQh etcwr gSA
chek dEifu;ksa ds izFke & izhfe;e] okf’kZd O;olk; ds vk/kkj ij rqyuk
dz- |
chek dEiuh dk uke |
foRrh; o’kZ 2017&18 |
1 |
Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe dz- 1 |
135 djksM+ 75 yk[k] 67 gtkj |
2 |
Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe dz- 2 |
141 djksM+ |
3 |
fjyk;al ykbQ bU’;ksajsal |
72 djksM+ |
4 |
,l-ch-vkbZ ykbQ bU’;ksjsal |
40 djksM+ |
5 |
vkbZ-lh-vkbZ-lh-vkbZ- izksMsaf’k;y |
23-8 djskM+ |
6 |
,p-Mh-,Q-lh- LVSaMMZ |
22-5 djksM+ |
7 |
ctkt vfy;kat ykbQ |
18-5 djksM+ |
8 |
vkbZ-,u-th-oSL;k ykbQ |
5-00 djksM+ |
¼L=ksr & jhok ftys ds fofHkUu chek dk;kZy;ksa ls ladfyr½
izLrqr rkfydk ds ek/;e ls jhok ftys dh lHkh chek dEifu;ksa ds izFke izhfe;e O;olk; dks foRrh; o"kZ 2017&18 dks vk/kkj ekudj n'kkZ;k x;k gSA vr% xSj ljdkjh chek laLFkkuksa dh rqyuk es a,y-vkbZ-lh- dh nksuksa 'kk[kk dz-&1] 2 dk izFke izhfe;e O;olk; lokZf/kd gSA
foRrh; o"kZ 2017&18 esa ikWfylh/kkjdksa ds vk/kkj ij rqyuk%
js[kkfp= & 1
mijksDr js[kkfp=&1 esa xSj ljdkjh chek dEifu;ksa ds chek/kkjd ,oa js[kkfp= 2 esa Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe 'kk[kk Øa- 1 'kk[kk Øa- 2 ds chek/kkjdksa dh la[;k dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA nks js[kk fp=ksa dh rqyuk djus ij ,y-vkbZ-lh- dh nksuksa 'kk[kkvksa ds chek/kkjd dh la[;k lokZf/kd gSA vr% foRrh; o"kZ 2017&18 esa jhok ftys esa 79350 chek /kkjdksa us chek djk;kA
¼L=ksr& ,y-vkbZ-lh- dh 'kk[kk Øa- 1 o 2 ls ladfyr½
js[kkfp= 2
leL;k;sa &
1- lHkh ^xSj ljdkjh chek dEifu;ksa** dh lsok;sa dsoy 'kgjh {ks=ksa rd gh lhfer gSa xzkeh.k vapy vc Hkh buls nwj gSA
2- ^Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe** chek lsokvksa dks ljy cukus ds fy;s dbZ egRoiw.kZ dne mBk jgk gS ijUrq xzkeh.k vapy bu lsokvksa ls vc Hkh oafpr gS vkSj blesa i;kZIr tkudkjh dk vHkko gSA
3- jhok ft+ys esa dqN chek laLFkkuksa ds chek/kkjdksa dh e`R;q ds ckn ukWfeuh dks nh tkus okyh nkok&jkf'k esa foyEc dh fLFkfr ikbZ xbZA
4- xSj ljdkjh chek laLFkkuksa esa izhfe;e dk vf/kdka'k Hkkx Q.M esUVsUksUl ,oa dk;kZy;hu [kpksaZ esa O;; dj fn;k tkrk gS vkSj chek/kkjd dh izhfe;e jkf'k dVkSrh dj fuos'k dh tkrh gSA
5- chek O;olk; esa vkbZ-vkj-Mh-,- ds fu;ekuqlkj fu;fer chek ikWfylh esa 3 o"kZ ds ykWd&bu ihfj;M gksus dh otg ls dbZ chek/kkjdksa dh chek ikWfylh 1 o"kZ 2 o"kZ ;k fQj flQZ 6 eghus gh pyh gSA ifj.kkeLo:i mudh /kujkf'k Mwc tkrh gS vkSj ;g /kujkf'k okil ugh feyrh gSA
6- chek laLFkkuksa esa izhfe;e tek dkmUVj dh deh ikbZ xbZ ftldh otg ls chek/kkjdksa dks ?k.Vksa drkj esa [kM+s gksus ds ckn izhfe;e tek djuh iM+rh gSA
7- ft+yk Lrj ij chek laLFkkuksa esa vfHkdrkZvksa dks mRiszj.kk ,oa tkudkjh iznku djus ds fy;s Vsªfuax laLFkkuksa dk vHkko gS D;ksafd vfHkdrkZ chek dEifu;ksa ,oa chek/kkjdksa ds chp etcwr dM+h gksrs gSaA
fu"d"kZ %&
vr% fu"d"kZ ds :i esa chek O;olk; dh lHkh ljdkjh ,oa xSjljdkjh chek dEifu;ksa esa ^^Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe** dh chek lsok;sa uxjh; ,oa xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa vf/kdre miHkksDrk larqf"V iznku dj jgh gSA ,y-vkbZ-lh-] chek lsok dh n`f"V ls losZJs"B ,oa yksdfiz; gSA jhok ft+ys dh 10 rglhyksa ds vUrxZr vkus okys lHkh xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh {ks=ksa dks feykdj dqy 100 yksxksa dk losZ fd;k x;k gSA losZ{k.k dks dbZ rkfydkvksa ds ek/;e ls izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA igyh rkfydk losZ{k.k ds {ks= ,oa yksxksa dh la[;k nwljh rkfydk esa ifjokj esa lnL; la[;k ,oa mudk izfr'kr] rhljh rkfydk esa lHkh chek dEifu;ksa ds chek /kkjdks dh la[;k n'kkZ;h x;h gSA losZ ds nkSjku ^Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe** ds 45] ,p-Mh-,Q-lh- LVS.MM ds 10] ctkt ,fy;kat ds 5] vkbZ-lh-vkbZ-lh-vkbZ- izksMsfUl;y ds 10] ,l-ch-vkbZ- ykbQ 11] fjykbUl ykbQ bU'k;ksjsUl ds 9 vkSj vkbZ-,u-lh- oS';k ds 5 chek /kkjd izkIr gq;sA chek dEifu;ksa ds }kjk izkIr euh cSad chek jkf'k ds vk/kkj ij rqyuk djus ij blesas os chek /kkjd tks larq"V gS mudh la[;k 95 gSA rFkk mudk 100% gSA blh izdkj vlarq"V chek /kkjdks dh la[;k 5 gSA rFkk mudk vuqikr 95 izfr'kr gSA lokZf/kd larqf"V iznku djus okyh chek dEiuh ^Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe** gSA blds larq"V chek /kkjd 45 gS rFkk budk vuqikr 45 izfr'kr gSA ifjiDork jkf'k esa rqyukRed v/;;u djus ij larq"V chek /kkjd 95 gSA rFkk mudk vuqikr 95 izfr'kr gSA blh izdkj vlarq"V chek/kkjd 5 gS mudk vuqikr 5 izfr'kr gSA bl rqyuk esa lokZf/kd larq"V chek /kkjd ,y-vkbZ-lh-ds gSA
lq>ko %&
1- chek dEifu;ksa ds }kjk mudh mi'kk[kk;sa xzkeh.k vapyks esa Hkh [kksyh tk,W rkfd vf/kdre miHkksDrk chek lsok dk ykHk izkIr dj ldsaA
2- chek izhfe;e Hkqxrku ds oSdfYid lk/kuksa ds ckjs esa xzkeh.k miHkksDrkvksa dks chek laLFkku ds lnL;ksa }kjk iw.kZ tkudkjh iznku dh tk;sA fofHkUu izdkj ds miHkksDrk laxksf"B;ksa ,oa f'kfojksa ds ek/;e ls ches ds izfr tutkx:drk vfHk;ku 'kq: fd;s tk;sA
3- ches ds oS/kkfud i{k esa chek ikWfylh ls lEcfU/kr vusd lqfo/kk;sa tSls izhfe;e Hkqxrku] _.k] iqupZyu vkfn esa vlqfo/kk gksus ij miHkksDrk laj{k.k dh n`f"V ls vyx&vyx Lrj ij miHkksDrk Qksje ls lgk;rk izkIr dj ldrs gSA orZeku esa miHkksDrk Qksje bl izdkj dh lgk;rk iznku djus esa iwjh rjg ls rRij gSA
4- chek O;olk; es vkbZ-vkj-Mh-,- ds funsZ'kkuqlkj fu;fer chek ikWfylh esa 3 o"kZ ds ykWd bu ihfj;M dks de djds ;g vof/k ,d o"kZ dh tkuh pkfg,A ,d o"kZ ls de vof/k rd pykbZ x;h chek ikWfylh dh /ku jkf'k ljs.Mj oSY;w ds :i esa tek jkf'k dk dqN izfr'kr esa iznku dh tkuh pkfg, blls chek/kkjdks dh iw¡th mUgsa okil fey tk;sxhA
5- chek laLFkkuksa esa chek /kkjdks dh izhfe;e Hkqxrku leL;k esa ¼?k.Vks [kM+s gksdj izhfe;e tek djus esa½ dS'k dkm.Vj esa c<+ksrjh dh tk;s rkfd izhfe;e tek djus esasa lqfo/kk gksA
6- jhok ft+ys esa chek laLFkkvksa ds chek/kkjdks ds nkok izLrko ij ukWfeuh dh QksVks ,oa gLrk{kj fy;s tk;s rkfd ikjnf'kZrk cuh jgsaA
7- chek e`R;q nkok jkf'k esa ukWfeuh dks iw.kZ lg;ksx iznku djrs gq, nkoksa esa foyEcrk dks de fd;k tk;sA
lanHkZ xzUFk lwph %&
1. vfXugks=h] xq: jkeI;kjs] jhok jkT; dk bfrgkl] e/; izns'k 'kklu lkfgR; ifj"kn] Hkksiky] 1972] 1&87
2. Hkkj}kt ujs'k pUnz] chek ds fl)kar] ;wfuolZy bU';ksjsUl fcfYMax lj fQjkst'kkg esgrk jksM] eqEcbZ] 2002] 13&54
3. MkW0 pkSjfl;k] ts-ih-] Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ;wfuolZy ifCyds'ku vkxjk 2008] 101&103
4. xaxoky] lqHkk"k] uohu vkfFkZd uhfr ,oa fu;sktu] eaxynhu ifCyds'kUl t;iqj] bf.M;k½] 2002] 52&86
5. tSu] ih0 lh0 ,oa tSu js.kqdk] foi.ku izca/k] e/; izns'k fgUnh xzUFk ,dkneh] Hkksiky] 2004] 12&20
6. eseksfj;k prqHkqZt] lsfooxhZ; izca/k] lkfgR; Hkou ifCyds'ku] vkxjk] 2008] 3&28
7. ikBd mes'k pUnz] thou chek laLdj.k] ;wfuolZy bU';ksjsal fcfYmax lj fQjkst'kkg esgrk jksM] eqEcbZ] 2006] 87&92
8. Jh 'kf'kdkUr] thou chek O;olk;] ;wfuolZy bU';ksjsUl fcfYMax lj fQjkst'kkg] esgrk jksM] eqEcbZ] 2000] 1&132
9. lkjLor egs'k] chek izsj.kk 'kfDr] midkj izdk'ku 2@11 ,- Lons'kh chek uxj] vkxjk] 1998] 220&237oekZ ujs'k dqekj ¼1999½] ^^thou chek dk oS/kkfud i{k** vkbZ-lh-] 24 & ;wfuolZy ba';ksjsUl fcfYMax lj fQjkst'kkg esgrk] jksM eqEcbZA
10. Jh 'kf'kdkUr ¼2000½ thou chek O;olk;% :ijs[kk** vkbZ-lh- 33 o"kZ 2000 ;wfuolZy ba';ksjsUl fcfYMax lj fQjkst'kkg esgrk] jksM+ eqEcbZA
Received on 02.03.2020 Modified on 12.03.2020
Accepted on 25.03.2020 © A&V Publications All right reserved
Int. J. Rev. and Res. Social Sci. 2020; 8(1):83-90.